Nagoya Protocol

The ABS framework can be summarised as follows:

• follow national laws
• get prior informed consent from the provider
• mutually agree terms with the provider
• share benefits fairly and equitably

This aim is to provide the incentive for conservation and sustainable use.

If you are accessing material that is subject to the Nagoya Protocol, you must:

1. Use the Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing-House (ABSCH) to identify the relevant national laws, procedures and contact points in the countries from which you wish to source the material.
2. Make all reasonable efforts to gain prior, explicit informed consent and agree the terms and conditions of access. This should deal with the dissemination of research results, the publication or other sharing of research data, and any potential exploitation.
3. Keep records related to (1) and (2) for 20 years. These records may be inspected by the regulator.

If you are providing access to material that is subject to the Nagoya Protocol, you must:

1. Ensure such action is consistent with the original access and benefits-sharing arrangements
2. Keep records of such sharing/access for 20 years. These records may be inspected by the regulator.

Users of genetic resources accessed under the Nagoya Protocol are required to seek, keep, and transfer to subsequent users, information about the following:

• the date and place the genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge were acquired
• a description of the items acquired, using unique identifiers where they are available
• the source from which the items were obtained
• whether the items are subject to rights and obligations regarding access and benefit sharing
• any decision made regarding the access, as well as the mutually agreed terms of access. 

 Users are:

• required to maintain such information for a period of 20 years following the end of the period of use
• mandated to declare at identified points that they have complied with their due diligence obligations
• subject to audit/inspection by the regulatory authorities

There are several likely touch points where researchers will come into contact with questions or requirements related to the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefits-sharing (ABS). These include:

• applying for a research grant (eg you may be asked to describe ABS considerations or have agreements in place)
• being awarded a research grant (eg you may be required to demonstrate ABS approvals compliance at the outset or within a specified period)
• applying to your head of department for permission to undertake fieldwork
• seeking project approval (eg in the University’s Department of Plant Sciences)
• going to obtain or purchase genetic resources
• seeking to lodge material in collections (at Oxford or museums, laboratories, libraries, gardens or herbaria in other locations) (eg you will almost certainly be asked to show ABS compliance and records)
• seeking to provide or give access to genetic resources to: other researchers, other units in the University, or external organisations
• seeking to patent certain discoveries (where it is suspected that genetic resources from another country have been used).
  For these patents to progress applicants will need to prove that agreements relating to the collection and use of the genetic resources are in place with the host country. Alternatively, they will need to show that they have carried out 'due diligence' to check that the material falls outside of the scope of the legislation).
• seeking to sell or in other ways commercialise resources or products based on genetic resources.
  This is a particular focus under the protocol to ensure that providers of material and local knowledge (including indigenous and local communities) receive a fair and equitable share of benefits.

The Nagoya Protocol was adopted by European legislation and entered into force in the UK on 22 May 2016. 

UK stakeholders involved in accessing genetic resources from parties to the Nagoya Protocol are required to follow the UK government processes set out here.

There is no UK-mandated ‘legal template’ for the informed consent and access agreements under the Nagoya Protocol. Defra anticipates that researchers in universities and other public bodies will act in good faith and keep records of relevant discussions and agreements.

The regulator in the UK, the Office for Product Safety and Standards, will carry out checks on user compliance.

The checks will be conducted through a risk-based approach. Additional checks will be conducted when a competent authority is in possession of relevant information concerning a user's non-compliance.

Where a user has judged genetic resources (or associated traditional knowledge) to be out of scope and therefore not requiring compliance, the authorities will ask for justification of why it is thought to be out of scope.

The Office for Product Safety and Standards will have the power to impose compliance notices and variable monetary penalties. Non-compliance will normally be dealt with through civil sanctions, although the Office for Product Safety and Standards will be able to pursue criminal sanctions in serious cases.

Members of the University Reference Group on the Nagoya Protocol

• Darren Mann – Oxford University Museum of Natural History
• Simon Hiscock – Oxford Botanic Garden
• Beth Greenhough – School of Geography and the Environment
• Owen Lewis – Department of Zoology
• Andrew Gosler – Department of Zoology
• Greger Larson – PaleoBARN (Palaeogenomics and Bioarchaeology Research Network)
• Stephen Harris – Plant Sciences
• Tamsin Sayer – Research Services

Other (external) resources

• YABS simply explained (YouTube)
• About the Nagoya Protocol (Convention on Biological Diversity)
• The ABS Capacity Development Initiative
• Information about the Nagoya Protocol (EFPIA)
• FAQs on the Nagoya Protocol (Union for Ethical Biotrade)

• Unravelling the Nagoya Protocol (Edinburgh Law School)

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – National Focal Points on the Conservation of Biological Diversity